机器学习的最新进展导致人们对可解释的AI（XAI）的兴趣越来越大，使人类能够深入了解机器学习模型的决策。尽管最近有这种兴趣，但XAI技术的实用性尚未在人机组合中得到特征。重要的是，XAI提供了增强团队情境意识（SA）和共享心理模型发展的希望，这是有效的人机团队的关键特征。快速开发这种心理模型在临时人机团队中尤其重要，因为代理商对他人的决策策略没有先验知识。在本文中，我们提出了两个新颖的人类受试者实验，以量化在人机组合场景中部署XAI技术的好处。首先，我们证明XAI技术可以支持SA（$ P <0.05）$。其次，我们研究了通过协作AI政策抽象诱导的不同SA级别如何影响临时人机组合绩效。重要的是，我们发现XAI的好处不是普遍的，因为对人机团队的组成有很大的依赖。新手受益于XAI提供增加的SA（$ P <0.05 $），但容易受到认知开销的影响（$ P <0.05 $）。另一方面，专家性能随着基于XAI的支持（$ p <0.05 $）而降低，这表明关注XAI的成本超过了从提供的其他信息中获得的收益以增强SA所获得的收益。我们的结果表明，研究人员必须通过仔细考虑人机团队组成以及XAI方法如何增强SA来故意在正确的情况下设计和部署正确的XAI技术。

Remote sensing imagery provides comprehensive views of the Earth, where different sensors collect complementary data at different spatial scales. Large, pretrained models are commonly finetuned with imagery that is heavily augmented to mimic different conditions and scales, with the resulting models used for various tasks with imagery from a range of spatial scales. Such models overlook scale-specific information in the data. In this paper, we present Scale-MAE, a pretraining method that explicitly learns relationships between data at different, known scales throughout the pretraining process. Scale-MAE pretrains a network by masking an input image at a known input scale, where the area of the Earth covered by the image determines the scale of the ViT positional encoding, not the image resolution. Scale-MAE encodes the masked image with a standard ViT backbone, and then decodes the masked image through a bandpass filter to reconstruct low/high frequency images at lower/higher scales. We find that tasking the network with reconstructing both low/high frequency images leads to robust multiscale representations for remote sensing imagery. Scale-MAE achieves an average of a $5.0\%$ non-parametric kNN classification improvement across eight remote sensing datasets compared to current state-of-the-art and obtains a $0.9$ mIoU to $3.8$ mIoU improvement on the SpaceNet building segmentation transfer task for a range of evaluation scales.

Multivariate time series forecasting constitutes important functionality in cyber-physical systems, whose prediction accuracy can be improved significantly by capturing temporal and multivariate correlations among multiple time series. State-of-the-art deep learning methods fail to construct models for full time series because model complexity grows exponentially with time series length. Rather, these methods construct local temporal and multivariate correlations within subsequences, but fail to capture correlations among subsequences, which significantly affect their forecasting accuracy. To capture the temporal and multivariate correlations among subsequences, we design a pattern discovery model, that constructs correlations via diverse pattern functions. While the traditional pattern discovery method uses shared and fixed pattern functions that ignore the diversity across time series. We propose a novel pattern discovery method that can automatically capture diverse and complex time series patterns. We also propose a learnable correlation matrix, that enables the model to capture distinct correlations among multiple time series. Extensive experiments show that our model achieves state-of-the-art prediction accuracy.

The number of international benchmarking competitions is steadily increasing in various fields of machine learning (ML) research and practice. So far, however, little is known about the common practice as well as bottlenecks faced by the community in tackling the research questions posed. To shed light on the status quo of algorithm development in the specific field of biomedical imaging analysis, we designed an international survey that was issued to all participants of challenges conducted in conjunction with the IEEE ISBI 2021 and MICCAI 2021 conferences (80 competitions in total). The survey covered participants' expertise and working environments, their chosen strategies, as well as algorithm characteristics. A median of 72% challenge participants took part in the survey. According to our results, knowledge exchange was the primary incentive (70%) for participation, while the reception of prize money played only a minor role (16%). While a median of 80 working hours was spent on method development, a large portion of participants stated that they did not have enough time for method development (32%). 25% perceived the infrastructure to be a bottleneck. Overall, 94% of all solutions were deep learning-based. Of these, 84% were based on standard architectures. 43% of the respondents reported that the data samples (e.g., images) were too large to be processed at once. This was most commonly addressed by patch-based training (69%), downsampling (37%), and solving 3D analysis tasks as a series of 2D tasks. K-fold cross-validation on the training set was performed by only 37% of the participants and only 50% of the participants performed ensembling based on multiple identical models (61%) or heterogeneous models (39%). 48% of the respondents applied postprocessing steps.

Sensors in cyber-physical systems often capture interconnected processes and thus emit correlated time series (CTS), the forecasting of which enables important applications. The key to successful CTS forecasting is to uncover the temporal dynamics of time series and the spatial correlations among time series. Deep learning-based solutions exhibit impressive performance at discerning these aspects. In particular, automated CTS forecasting, where the design of an optimal deep learning architecture is automated, enables forecasting accuracy that surpasses what has been achieved by manual approaches. However, automated CTS solutions remain in their infancy and are only able to find optimal architectures for predefined hyperparameters and scale poorly to large-scale CTS. To overcome these limitations, we propose SEARCH, a joint, scalable framework, to automatically devise effective CTS forecasting models. Specifically, we encode each candidate architecture and accompanying hyperparameters into a joint graph representation. We introduce an efficient Architecture-Hyperparameter Comparator (AHC) to rank all architecture-hyperparameter pairs, and we then further evaluate the top-ranked pairs to select a final result. Extensive experiments on six benchmark datasets demonstrate that SEARCH not only eliminates manual efforts but also is capable of better performance than manually designed and existing automatically designed CTS models. In addition, it shows excellent scalability to large CTS.

我们提出了一种深度学习方法，用于作为梯度流的偏微分方程的数值解。该方法依赖于布雷兹（Brezis）原理，该原理自然定义了要最小化的目标函数，因此非常适合使用深神经网络的机器学习方法。我们在一般框架中描述了我们的方法，并借助于2到7个空间维度的热量方程的示例实现来说明方法。

强化学习的最新工作集中在学习的几个特征上，这些政策超出了最大化的奖励。这些特性包括公平，解释性，概括和鲁棒性。在本文中，我们定义了介入的鲁棒性（IR），这是一种通过培训程序的偶然方面（例如训练数据的顺序或代理商采取的特定探索性动作）引入了多变异性的量度。尽管培训程序的这些附带方面有所不同，但在干预下采取非常相似的行动时，培训程序具有很高的IR。我们开发了一种直观的，定量的IR度量，并在数十个干预措施和状态的三个atari环境中对八种算法进行计算。从这些实验中，我们发现IR随训练和算法类型的量而变化，并且高性能并不意味着高IR，正如人们所期望的那样。

从职位发布获得的汇总数据为劳动力市场需求，新兴技能以及援助工作匹配提供了有力的见解。但是，大多数提取方法受到监督，因此需要昂贵且耗时的注释。为了克服这一点，我们建议通过弱监督提取技巧。我们利用欧洲的技能，能力，资格和职业分类法，通过潜在代表来找到工作广告的类似技能。该方法根据令牌级别和句法模式显示了强烈的正信号，优于基准。

REED继电器是功能测试的基本组成部分，与电子产品的成功质量检查密切相关。为了为REED继电器提供准确的剩余使用寿命（RUL）估计，根据以下三个考虑，提出了具有降解模式聚类的混合深度学习网络。首先，对于REED继电器，观察到多种降解行为，因此提供了基于动态的$ K $ -MEANS聚类，以区分彼此的退化模式。其次，尽管适当的功能选择具有重要意义，但很少有研究可以指导选择。提出的方法建议进行操作规则，以实施轻松实施。第三，提出了用于剩余使用寿命估计的神经网络（RULNET），以解决卷积神经网络（CNN）在捕获顺序数据的时间信息中的弱点，该信息在卷积操作的高级特征表示后结合了时间相关能力。通过这种方式，lulnet的三种变体由健康指标，具有自组织地图的功能或具有曲线拟合的功能构建。最终，将提出的混合模型与典型的基线模型（包括CNN和长期记忆网络（LSTM））进行了比较，该模型通过具有两个不同不同降级方式的实用REED继电器数据集进行了比较。两种降解案例的结果表明，所提出的方法在索引均方根误差方面优于CNN和LSTM。

社会过程的持续数字化转化为时间序列数据的扩散，这些数据涵盖了诸如欺诈检测，入侵检测和能量管理等应用，在这种应用程序中，异常检测通常对于启用可靠性和安全性至关重要。许多最近的研究针对时间序列数据的异常检测。实际上，时间序列异常检测的特征是不同的数据，方法和评估策略，现有研究中的比较仅考虑了这种多样性的一部分，这使得很难为特定问题设置选择最佳方法。为了解决这一缺点，我们介绍了有关数据，方法和评估策略的分类法，并使用分类法提供了无监督时间序列检测的全面概述，并系统地评估和比较了最先进的传统以及深度学习技术。在使用九个公开可用数据集的实证研究中，我们将最常用的性能评估指标应用于公平实施标准下的典型方法。根据分类法提供的结构化，我们报告了经验研究，并以比较表的形式提供指南，以选择最适合特定应用程序设置的方法。最后，我们为这个动态领域提出了研究方向。